Free Love and Womens History 19th Century and Later

The name free love has been given to a variety of movements in history, with different meanings. In the 1960s and 1970s, free love came to imply a sexually active lifestyle with many casual sex partners and little or no commitment. In the 19th century, including the Victorian era, it usually meant the ability to freely choose a monogamous sexual partner and to freely choose to end a marriage or relationship when love ended. The phrase was used by those who wanted to remove the state from decisions about marriage, birth control, sexual partners and marital fidelity. Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Platform When Victoria Woodhull ran for President of the United States on the Free Love platform, she was assumed to be promoting promiscuity. But that was not her intent, for she and other 19th century women and men who agreed with these ideas believed they were promoting a different and better sexual morality: one that was based on a freely chosen commitment and love, instead of legal and economic bonds. The idea of free love also came to include voluntary motherhood—freely chosen maternity as well as a freely chosen partner. Both were about a different kind of commitment: commitment based on personal choice and love, not on economic and legal restraints. Victoria Woodhull  promoted a variety of causes including free love. In a famous scandal of the 19th century, she exposed an affair by the preacher Henry Ward Beecher, believing him to be a hypocrite for denouncing her free love philosophy as immoral, while actually practicing adultery, which in her eyes was more immoral. Yes, I am a Free Lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can; to change that love every day if I please, and with that right neither you nor any law you can frame have any right to interfere. —Victoria Woodhull My judges preach against free love openly, practice it secretly. - Victoria Woodhull Ideas About Marriage Many thinkers in the 19th century looked at the reality of marriage and especially its effects on women, and concluded that marriage was not much different from slavery or prostitution. Marriage meant, for women in the early half of the century and only somewhat less in the later half, economic enslavement: until 1848 in America, and about that time or later in other countries, married women had few rights to property. Women had few rights to custody of their children if they divorced a husband, and divorce was difficult in any case. Many passages in the New Testament could be read as antagonistic to marriage or sexual activity, and church history, notably in Augustine, has usually been antagonistic to sex outside of sanctioned marriage, with notable exceptions, including some Popes who fathered children. Through history, occasionally Christian religious groups have developed explicit theories antagonistic to marriage, some teaching sexual celibacy, including the Shakers in America, and some teaching sexual activity outside of legal or religious permanent marriage, including the Brethren of the Free Spirit in the 12th century in Europe. Free Love in the Oneida Community Fanny Wright, inspired by the communitarianism of Robert Owen and Robert Dale Owen, purchased the land on which she and others who were Owenites established the community of Nashoba. Owen had adapted ideas from John Humphrey Noyes, who promoted in the Oneida Community a kind of Free Love, opposing marriage and instead using spiritual affinity as the bond of union. Noyes, in turn, adapted his ideas from Josiah Warren and Dr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Nichols. Noyes later repudiated the term Free Love. Wright encouraged free sexual relationships—free love—within the community and opposed marriage. After the community failed, she advocated a variety of causes, including changes to marriage and divorce laws. Wright and Owen promoted sexual fulfillment and sexual knowledge. Owen promoted a kind of coitus interruptus instead of sponges or condoms for birth control. They both taught that sex could be a positive experience and was not just for procreation but for individual fulfillment and the natural fulfillment of the love of partners for each other. When Wright died in 1852, she was engaged in a legal battle with her husband whom shed married in 1831, and who later used the laws of the time to seize control of all her property and earnings. Thus Fanny Wright became, as it were, an example of the problems of marriage that she had worked to end. There is but one honest limit to the rights of a sentient being; it is where they touch the rights of another sentient being.  - Frances Wright Voluntary Motherhood By the late 19th century, many reformers advocated voluntary motherhood—the choice of motherhood as well as marriage. In 1873, the United States Congress, acting to stop the growing availability of contraceptives and information about sexuality, passed what was known as the Comstock Law. Some advocates of wider access to and information about contraceptives also advocated eugenics as a way to control the reproduction of those who, eugenics advocates assumed, would pass on undesirable characteristics. Emma Goldman became an advocate of birth control and a critic of marriage -- whether she was a full-blown eugenics advocate is a matter of current controversy. She opposed the institution of marriage as detrimental, especially, to women, and advocated birth control as a means of womens emancipation. Free love? As if love is anything but free! Man has bought brains, but all the millions in the world have failed to buy love. Man has subdued bodies, but all the power on earth has been unable to subdue love. Man has conquered whole nations, but all his armies could not conquer love. Man has chained and fettered the spirit, but he has been utterly helpless before love. High on a throne, with all the splendor and pomp his gold can command, man is yet poor and desolate, if love passes him by. And if it stays, the poorest hovel is radiant with warmth, with life and color. Thus love has the magic power to make of a beggar a king. Yes, love is free; it can dwell in no other atmosphere.  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Emma Goldman Margaret Sanger also promoted birth control—and popularized that term instead of voluntary motherhood—  emphasizing the individual womans physical and mental health and freedom. She was accused of promoting free love and even jailed for her dissemination of information on contraceptives -- and in 1938 a case involving Sanger ended the prosecution under the Comstock Law. The  Comstock Law  was an attempt to legislate against the kinds of relationships promoted by those who supported free love. Free Love in the 20th Century In the 1960s and 1970s, those who preached sexual liberation and sexual freedom adopted the term free love, and those who opposed a casual sex lifestyle also used the term as  prima facie evidence of the immorality of the practice. As sexually transmitted diseases, and especially AIDS/HIV, became more widespread, the free love of the late 20th century became less attractive. As one writer in Salon wrote in 2002, Oh yeah, and we are  really  sick of you talking about free love. You dont think we want to have healthy, enjoyable, more casual sex lives? You did it, you enjoyed it and you lived. For us, one wrong move, one bad night, or one random condom with a pinprick and we die.... Weve been trained to fear sex since grade school. Most of us learned how to wrap a banana in a condom by the age of 8, just in case.

Impact Of Advertising On The Uk - 968 Words

Introduction Advertising is the activity or profession of producing advertisements for commercial products or services. It is many things, for some people it is a job, for others it is a nuisance and for many it is a necessity. Throughout the years advertising has been forced to change greatly to keep up with the many different trends in our past and present, and it will continue to change as new trends come into the future. There are now many more ways to advertise products other than just on the Television, you can now advertise through online videos and on demand players, but this wasn’t always the case. Past Early adverts were rather different from those people are familiar with today. They are much longer than today s adverts, and their message was spelt out with agonising slowness, this reflected the pace of television at the time (A short history of British television advertising). The first advertisement in the UK was on the 22nd of September 1955 it was an advert for Gibbs S.R Toothpaste and it ran on ITV. This was a huge thing to happen in broadcasting and it meant that ITV had monopoly on the other channels, and because of this on the same evening the BBC had their first character killed off on one of their long running radio soaps called â€Å"The Archers† this was to keep up with the competition and it meant they stole the next day’s newspaper headlines. After this advert there began a huge debate about advertising and a labour MP said it was â€Å"disgraceful becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Business Objectives that Are Used in HP and Cancer Research1729 Words   |  7 PagesAdditionally HP also uses Market penetration as one of the Marketing techniques for growth strategies. If the customer may purchase the new software and if HP was producing new software for all computers and to be sold in the UK, HP’s market would only consist of peo ple in the UK. 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Absurdity Of Catch

Absurdity Of Catch-22 Through Comedy Essay ABSURDITY OF CATCH-22 THROUGH COMEDYThe novel, Catch-22, is a comedy about soldiers during World WarII. However, this comic scenes and phrases are quite tragic when theyare thought about, as most things related to war are, which makes thiscomedy completely absurd. The best way to represent this idea isthrough the characters in the book, specifically, Yossarian, Huple, andNatelys whores kid sister and the events that occur with theirthoughts and their actions. Clearly, the main character and one whose life is chieflydescribed, is Yossarian. Yossarian has a slightly sick sense of humorand way of looking at things. In the first chapter, Heller tells usthat letters sent by the soldiers had to be reviewed in order to preventany secret information going out to the public, or, even worse, to theenemy. Yossarian, from lack of anything better to do, censors all theletters. Sometimes he crosses out everything but a, an and the,sometimes adjectives, whatever he feels like that day. For his finalgag he signs these letters as Washington Irving to totally confuse thereaders of these letters. This is funny, however it is ultimatelytragic. These are the letters that every wife, mother and daughter runsto the mailbox for in order to see that their husbands, fathers and sonsare all right. This is a letter that could say: Honey, Im cominghome, or I love you. When I come home I want to marry you. Theseletters could change the whole lifestyle of so many peopl e andYossarian alone is tampering with them. The absurdity of that isimmense. A gag of slightly higher consequence occurred in Chapter 12, when Yossarian decided to move the bomb line over Bologna. What I believe is the most ridiculous in the whole process was his reason for doing it. Everyone did not want to go on this mission to capture Bologna. They prayed the rain would never go away, or that the bomb line would mysteriously move, anything just mot to go on this mission. Clevinger, in disbelief at the stupidity of these men, tells Yossarian: They really believe that we wouldnt have to fly that mission tomorrow if someone would only tiptoe up to the map in the middle of the night and move the bomb line over Bologna. Can you imagine? So Yossarian figures Why not?. As hysterical of a joke as this may be, an important city that was taken by the enemy had to be bombed, and now everybody thinks that it was captured already. This joke could have and may have lead to the deaths of innocent people, which is yet not only absurd but is also catastrophic. Two character that, for me, expressed the highest, but the most true absurdity in life are Huple and Natelys whores kid sister. These two characters have one thing in common. They both want to be adults too fast. Huple is only fifteen, and lied about his age to get into the army. The kid sister is twelve years old, but wants to be just like her older sister and seduce men. However the absurdity of this is not at all that they want to become older, because everyone at that age does. The absurdity is that the things they want to do as adults are the things that most adults resent most about being adults. The last thing most men want to do is to be drafted, and the last thing that most women want to do is to become a prostitute in order to support themselves. Daisy Renton's death EssayIt is clear that Joseph Heller does not write in a certain pattern visible in the works of other writers. he has his own unique way of expressing the absurdity of the universe in a comic way. This style, in my mind, is very commendable because he makes us laugh, yet understand the meaning and maybe even seriousness of the idea he is trying to get across. The alternative would be to write a tragic novel about men at war which really would not grab the readers attention as comedies do and as this book did.

Lewis Caroll Essays - Alice In Wonderland, Kingdom Hearts Characters

Lewis Caroll After hundreds of publications, films, and stage plays, some scholars have begun to fear that Alice has become cold and monumental , like a classic tomb say Gilbert K. Chesterton, of the novel(Gardener,1960). The Adventures of Alice In Wonderland is no longer a light, fun book of nonsense, but now, more than ever, just a required reading for most high school students. The truth is that Lewis Carrolls humorous antics are not quite as senseless as they may seem to the average, American teenager. Much of his complicated nonsense was meant only to be understood by the residents of Oxford, and others only by the three daughters of Henry George Liddle. Carrolls physical appearance is described as handsome, but somewhat lopsided. His smile was a little crooked, one shoulder was a little higher than the other, and his eyes were different shades of blue. He was also plagued with a slight speech impediment, and later on acquired deafness in one ear. The company of three of his favorite child-friends, Lorina Charlotte, Alice Pleasance, and Edith Liddell, was something Carroll held very dear to him. He enjoyed entertaining little girls with such things as word puzzles, game, and, his most praise-worthy, tempting their thirst for fantesy with fairy tale-like adventure stories. He was quite partial to small girls, but young boys replused him. This could prehaps be the reason why it was a little boy he turned into a pig in chapter six. Little Alice Pleasance is said to be the basis for Carrolls character Alice in the well known childrens series. He created the story of Alice and Wonderland while on a boat ride with the three sisters. The ride was to start at Follys Bridge and end at the village of Godstow(Comer,1998). On the way Carroll tickled the girls imaginations with exciting tales of adventure and wonder in a place he called Wonderland, as he did with many children that he befriended. He makes many references to the three girls in the Alice books, using their last name as a play on words by calling them the three little girls. He would often disguised their first names by calling them Elise, Tillie, Lacie. Elise for L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie came from Ediths nickname, Matilda, and the rearranging the letters in Alice can result in Lacie. When he talked of himself he would use the name Dodo, because, with his stammered he pronounced his given name(Charles LIdwig Dodgeson) Do-Do-Dogdeson. He would often keep in touch with the children as they grew older, by way of mail. He would write to them and they would write back. In fact, the only reason why Carroll got The Adventures of Alice In Wonderland published was because of a suggestion from Alice Liddell , in one of her letters. Carroll suffered from a slight stutter, and he tended to be shy and with- drawn in the company of adults, but given the opportunity to converse with a child, he would open up. He was able to be himself, maybe, because the children didnt seem to notice that his physical features werent perfectly symmetrical, or that he walked with a hobble, nor did they care. He never talked down to a child, and he never doubted their intelligence, to him they were the greatest of equals. Lewis Carroll changed the way the world views childrens literature. In the Victorian time period it was common for a childrens author to pack their literature with page, after page of devout morals. However, with the publication of Carrolls The Adventures of Alice In Wonderland in 1865, he single-handedly turned Victorian moralism upside-down. Up until that time, all childrens books had tried to teach kids too much a little too soon. The books tended to speak down to children, in an attempt to moralized them, so that as they grew older they would know how to maintain, what they considered, proper public decorum. Not many authors of that time knew what Carroll had learned early on, that what children really wanted was something to get their imaginations working. Those poor children had heard the same stories of little girls and boys suffering , because they didnt follow the rules they had been taught, time and time again. They needed someone

American History X Essays - English-language Films,

American History X American History X is a very controversial movie. It is a movie about a Venice Beach skin head gang called the D.O.C. The gang is run by the master mind of Cameron Alexander who likes to poison children's minds with racism and other negative things like stealing and vandalizing. The story is based around the family of Derek Vineyard who Cameron decides would be the spokesperson for the group. It shows how everybody in his family is effected by his negativity especially his younger brother Danny. Danny sees Derek as a hero and wants to become someone like him. Derek learned alot of his hate from his father. When he passed away Derek became a more hateful person. His girlfriend Stacy believed in everything he said and would stand by him no matter what. Doris the mother was torn apart for the fact that Derek couldn't be happy for her when she tried to start a new life again with a Jewish man after her husband died. After Derek commits the murders and goes to prison he comes to realize that everything he ever believed in life was a bunch of nonsense. Mr. Sweeny had a lot to do with his whole mind change. I feel that he is a very significant character in this movie because it is good to know that there are people who are willing to look past the ignorance and help. In the three years that Derek was in prison things were getting more hectic for Danny. He started running into the same problems as Derek. Devina the oldest sister was very concerned for Danny because she knew the kind of people that he was running around with. I think that she felt some kind of sisterly instinct that something was going to happen to him. She was right because Danny was shot to death. I can relate a lot to this character because my brother went through the same situation with a gang and he is in prison right now for dealing drugs know exactly how she is feeling. It is hard to grow up around that kind of thing. I think this is a great movie for people to watch and see what really goes on with families like this. I feel that it can teach a lot of children that hate is not the answer. I think that they should show this movie in the first year of high school so these students don't do stupid things to try to fit in at a new school. I don't think this movie should have been as censored as it was. Everyone can learn something from this movie.

Tropic of Cancer - Overview and Geography

Tropic of Cancer - Overview and Geography The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude circling the Earth at approximately 23.5Â ° north of the equator. It is the northernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can appear directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major degree measures or circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Capricorn, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). The Tropic of Cancer is significant to Earths geography because, in addition to being the northernmost point where the suns rays are directly overhead, it also marks the northern boundary of tropics, which is the region that extends from the equator north to the Tropic of Cancer and south to the Tropic of Capricorn. Some of the Earths largest countries and/or cities are at or near the Tropic of Cancer. For example, the line passes through United States state of Hawaii, portions of Central America, northern Africa, and the Sahara Desert and is near Kolkata, India. It should also be noted that because of the greater amount of land in the Northern Hemisphere, the Tropic of Cancer passes through more cities than the equivalent Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. Naming of the Tropic of Cancer At the June or summer solstice (around June 21) when the Tropic of Cancer was named, the sun was pointed in the direction of the constellation Cancer, thus giving the new line of latitude the name the Tropic of Cancer. However, because this name was assigned over 2,000 years ago, the sun is no longer in the constellation Cancer. It is instead located in the constellation Taurus today. For most references though, it is easiest to understand the Tropic of Cancer with its latitudinal location of 23.5Â °N. Significance of the Tropic of Cancer In addition to being used to divide the Earth into different parts for navigation and marking the northern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of incoming solar radiation on the Earth. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the equator and tropics and spreads north or south from there. Solar insolation is most at the subsolar point (the point on Earth that is directly beneath the Sun and where the rays hit at 90 degrees to the surface) which migrates annually between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn because of the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Cancer, it is during the June solstice and this is when the northern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. During the June solstice, because the amount of solar insolation is greatest at the Tropic of Cancer, the areas north of the tropic in the northern hemisphere also receive the most solar energy which keeps it warmest and creates summer. In addition, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Arctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight and no darkness. By contrast, the Antarctic Circle receives 24 hours of darkness and lower latitudes have their winter season because of low solar insolation, less solar energy and lower temperatures. Click here to see a simple map showing the location of the Tropic of Cancer. Reference Wikipedia. (13 June 2010). Tropic of Cancer - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer

Entering UMass College for Bachelor of Health Administration courses Essay

Entering UMass College for Bachelor of Health Administration courses - Essay Example Upon completion of this undergraduate program, I have great passion of continuing to obtain my graduate program. I am really encouraged, motivated and focused because I am convinced that am in the right career path since I have a great passion for this and even have some family history. I have a strong foundation of this field and have had a lot of inspiration from family and friends. I have attended Practical Nursing School in Cincinnati, Ohio, where I received training as a Practical Nurse. Further, I have worked as a Licensed Practical Nurse for seven years. During this period, I have had the opportunity to serve various people in the community and made an impact in their life. Considering that, I have shown quality service to the community during this period; my goal is to complete my Bachelor program in your institution so that I can be in a position to offer broad and better service to people. This has prepared a foundation for my success in this field. Pursuing Health Administration has been my long-term goal, and I would like to make this dream come true by obtaining a Bachelor of Health Administration from University of Massachusetts. I really appreciate your time and consideration, and look forward for a feedback